INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

INTERNATIONAL FINANCIAL MARKETS - Essay Example In a simpler terminology it measures the movement in value of any security with the movement in price of the market as a whole. This factor can be important in establishing a portfolio. There are many types of companies, some operate very closely with the financial institutions and markets while others have different operations e.g. manufacturing. All types of companies make investments. These investments play a huge role in assessing the cost of capital(Intermediate Financial Management). The cost of capital is basically the interest they pay on debt and dividends on stocks. This cost basically depends as explained above on the amount of risk associated. If the risk is low, that is beta for a company is low, its cost of capital will automatically be low. Investors will be willing to invest in it for lower returns and banks will lend on a lower rate. (Similar example can be found in intermediate financial management)We can better comprehend this with an example. Let us assume that Company X makes investments in Gold mines. Each Gold mine has equal probability of giving no gold at all and gold worth ten times its extraction cost. The extraction expenditure for a gold mine; irrespective that it results in gold or not, is $100 for small size mine and $1000 for a large size mine. In the first scenario Company X who is short of money and has just $ 1000 to invest, invests in a large gold mine. Now risk of a loss of the $1000 investment is 50%, which is very high. This will associate a high risk with the company’s future cash flows and investors will require a high return; thus driving its cost of capital up. In the second scenario however Company X decides to invest in ten small gold mines. Although the return is the same but the risk has gone down considerably, because most of the risk has been diversified away. (Intermediate Financial

Decision Making Management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Decision Making Management - Assignment Example ronment and surrounding in which it operates its business operations and also to continue to retain its customers by ensuring them that the company is effectively fulfilling its corporate social responsibility. Developing business ethics is one of the key issues for an organization and implant of such issues is extremely vital. Governments frequently focus on sustainability issue, which is associated with ethical issues and ethical standards as well. According to Hemmingway (2009), companies need to capitalize such business opportunities for the purpose of avoiding the negative outcomes for the company and also to further enhance the overall influence of its business operations on the economic life of the region, in which it operates its business operations. By fulfilling its social, environmental and economic duties towards the society, a company can enable itself to ensure the society and its people that the company is doing a productive job for society and environment as well. Often it happens that organizations are compelled to extend their capacity regarding corporate social responsibility by its stakeholders and organizations are well aware regarding the fact that if they do not fulfill the expectations of their stakeholders on timely basis, then they may have to face some severe consequences of it. Gray (2006) states that organization must ensure that they effectively communicate with its stakeholders all the major social issues, such as, pollution, employment, plant closures and other various major social issues and also the measures which the organization plans to adapt for the purpose of resolving such issues. In the recent times, companies have become extremely cautious and aggravated regarding to improve their business operations from the social point of view, that is understand and address the social issues on regular intervals, because the stakeholders of the company expects from it to do so on constant basis. Stakeholders include all the

Are Humans Naturally Violent?

Are Humans Naturally Violent? Its evident that most human beings think that war can never be avoided and for these reason many of the societal ideas have been based on the concept that violence is part of human nature. Human social, scientific thinking, religious and political ideas are basically based on idea that every person is born a killer. Violence is much in us that its rarely questioned by the society and other people. As human we tend to look for the cause of evil things or those that are considered to be vile for instance violence as we fail to look for the cause of the good things that are happening around us. Violence is thought to be caused by frustration and this is best explained by the aggression theory. For these reason one of the many questions in the human minds is how violence became part of us (Senker and Gifford 8). Violence is one of the prominent things in our civilization. Smell of war and violence has left its victims confused about what they might have done to deserve such a harsh treatment. As those who caused the much affliction and pain to humanity defend themselves by saying that was all that they had to do; we cant help it but wonder if violence is truly inborn in us. Despite the fact that violence is one of the best way that is applied by human to cover their inner emptiness and frustration it usually brings more harm than any good. For example those who have been victims of bombing and war are usually left with a scar that can never disappear or heal. Its very painful and difficult to loose your whole family in war and this are some of the daily happenings in our society (Kurtz and Turpin 100). Despite the controversies and argument surrounding these concept there are organizations which have come up with some evidence to dispel the concept of violence being perceived as innate human trait. For example UNESCO came up with a statement to oppose these belief and they further planned to incorporate their research into the student curriculum in order to mould the young people in the rightful way. Sigmund Freud argues that there is a spontaneous and natural aggression energy which is reserved within humans. And in order to avoid harmful deeds he recommends that one should do competitive sports more often in order for this energy to be removed. Freud argues that those who do not do exercise are more likely to indulge into violence as a way of removing the extra energy (Senker and Gifford 10). Many have regarded this model to be false since other behaviorist have indicated that the origin of violence is something which is external as opposed to internal stimulant. Some irritant external factors are thought to stimulate violent deeds and behavior. They support this fact by the aspect that many communities live quite well without any form of aggression and secondly he argues that there is no evidence to prove that there exists an in build pressure within people that makes them to behave violently. On the contrary if its true that there is energy that accumulates within us then we are not supposed to be aggressive as Aristotle indicates in his theory. Research that has been done indicate that people become violent by consistently watching or taking part in violent deeds. This is attributed to the fact that engagement in aggressive deeds enables one to react aggressively therefore if one has not accumulated violent scenes in his mind as a result of watching or practicing viole nt deeds they cannot become violent. Scientist concluded in 1986 that there is no scientific evidence to prove that aggression and violence is inborn. Despite the fact that it cannot be scientifically proven whether men are naturally violant the belief of the same is strongly held by our society. Some argue that animals are naturally violent and since we share the same ancestral line we cannot alienate ourselves from this truth. Our history has many stories about war, and cruelty and at the same point the physiologist has indicated that our brains have some hormones that are related to aggression and for these reason biologically man is created violent. Its important for humans to draw a line between themselves and animals since human beings are very complex than animals. There are many aspects that are in humans which are absent in animals. For example humans have the ability to reason whereas animals are not in a position to critically reason (Kurtz and Turpin 57). In spite the fact that science informs us about our ancestry we should not limit our mind to the actions of animals. Lets not allow the animal behavior to influence our actions as a society. For these reason we should not allow our instincts to influence us the same way animals are influenced. When we are violent because our relatives which are animals are also violent then we are not using the knowledge that we were given as humans. On the other hand animal are not very violent as many think unless they equate hunting to violence. Animals rare form aggression groups and if this actually happen it must be as a result of the circumstance animals found themselves in or because of the environment. Among the humans there is violate behavior but that does not give us the reason to belief that violence is innate. Therefore its important for us to realize that by the fact that something is universal done does not mean that its natural and innate. For instance, by the fact that several commu nities may be producing pottery is not an indication that there is a pottery gene in that community (Baumeister and Bushman 306). Therefore aggression is not a universal thing since there are some cultures which are peaceful. For these reason humans are not born violent simply because not all people are violent. Its also true that men who are very primitive are not war like; war like character has increased among the modern men. One can choose to be violent or peaceful and a good example is Sweden which in the past years was a violent nation but at the moments its rated among peaceful industrialized nation. On addition violence and war has a lot to do with politics, personal interest as well as the social setting therefore this practice has little to do with nature. The fact that war is a dominant aspect of our history does not men that war is part of a humane nature. Therefore whether we believe that we are naturally violent or not its our decision. The belief is still rooted in our society and the many controversies about the same will still continue. Finally everyone has a responsibility to make a rightful decision. Therefore one can choose to be peaceful or violent because there is much knowledge that is bestowed upon humanity to make the rightful decision. Our bad choices and character should not be excused in the name of nature because them that succumb of this ill remain in a state of confusion as they keep wondering about the turn of things. Life is precious and peace is a wonderful experience that every sensible person may ever long for (Baumeister and Bushman 304). Work cited Cath Senker and Clive Gifford. Violence on the Screen. New York, NY: Evans Brothers, 2010. Roy Baumeister Brad Bushman. Social Psychology and Human Nature. London,UK: Cengage Learning, 2007. Kurtz Lester Jennifer Turpin. Encyclopedia of violence, peace conflict. New York, NY: Academic Press, 1999.

The New Land Of New Ideas :: essays research papers

The New Land of New Ideas   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The 18th century Americans turned their backs on the old ideas of the Puritans. The Puritans believed in the population acting within the religious ways of the times. The 18th century population turned their lifestyles to a lifestyle of self interest. This lifestyle was dedicated to the goal of obtaining wealth and prestige among the community. DeCrevecouer writes: He is arrived on a new continent; a modern society offers itself to his contemptation, different from what he had hitherto seen. It is not composed, as in Europe, of great lords who possess every thing and of a herd of people who have nothing. Here are no aristocratical families, no courts, no kings, no bishops, no ecclesiastical dominion, no invisible power giving to a few a very visible one; no great manufacturers employing thousands, no great refinements of luxury. The rich and the poor are not so far removed from each other as they are in Europe. In the old mother land, one could work all day and still not produce very much. However, in the new land there was more opportunity for entrepreneurship. This led to a increase in the self-interest principle and a decrease in the principles of religion. In Old England, it was believed that the few that had the wealth were blessed. Even the King was viewed as the Lord's represantive on Earth. In the new land one had to work to gain faith. Wealth that the individual created was viewed as being faithful to the Lord. The new America gives birth to a true entrepreneurship among the races, if they are going to have anything at all they are going to have to work for it. DeCrevecouer explains this: Men are like plants; the goodness and flavour of the fruit proceeds from the peculiar soil and exposition in which they grow. We are nothing but what we derive from the air we breathe, the climate we inhabit, the government we obey, the system of religion we profess, and the nature of our employment This was not the land where wealth would be left to you in a will, this was the

The Role Of Health Ngos Health And Social Care Essay

Health attention in Nigeria is structured along, and administered through the cosmopolitan three grades: the primary degree run by the local authorities, the secondary by the province and the third by the federal authorities ( FMOH 2005 ) . The part of Nigeria ‘s wellness sector to the national economic system remains ill defined, and as a consequence Nigeria was ranked a blue 187th place among the 191 United Nation member province ( WHO 2000 ) .Health attention installations are unequal in Nigeria ( Yohesor 2009 ) and this includes wellness Centres, forces and medical equipment. Moreso, the province of bing installations is frequently distressing due to miss of care. As Lee provinces: ‘A wellness attention system is an organisational model for the distribution or service of the wellness attention demands of a given community. It is a reasonably complex system of inter-related elements that contribute to the wellness of people-in their places, educational establishments, in work topographic points, the populace ( societal or recreational ) and the psychological environments every bit good as the straight wellness and health-related sectors. ‘ ( Lee 2009: 1 ) . However, with the many societal and infrastructural jobs facing the state is the chase of the politically attractive third wellness attention which, arguably, has remained the lone attractive country of the wellness system, to the hurt of other degrees of attention. The disregard of Nigeria ‘s wellness attention, with particular mention to the primary wellness attention system, its maldistribution, will ensue in an upside-down wellness attention pyramid. By deduction, instead than bring forth wellness for the people, would ever hold the menace to fall in on itself. Harmonizing to Asuzu ( 2003 ) , Nigeria ‘s wellness attention system has experienced past reforms, runing from the traditional wellness attention system that existed in the single Nigerian communities and the cultural groups before the epoch of colonisation boulder clay day of the month. Though Nigeria ‘s wellness attention system is geared towards guaranting handiness and handiness of wellness attention by Nigerians, yet the state ‘s wellness attention remains a major concern. On the other manus, wellness attention reform is the ‘process of bettering the public presentation of bing systems of presuming efficient and just responses to future alterations. It has besides been defined as sustainable, purposeful alteration aimed at bettering the wellness sector ; wellness attention reform is initiated by public or political action, is motivated by dissatisfaction caused by the failure to present results and implemented on a sector broad degree ( Berman 1995 ) . This presupposes that reforms might turn to the jobs of hapless quality of attention, inefficiencies in the bringing of services, inequalities and limited entree to wellness, degree of answerability and deficient reactivity to client demands. Globally, it would look Non-governmental Organizations have undertaken a broad scope of maps, including but non limited to, human-centered aid, developmental assistance, and publicity of human rights and lobbying to protect the environment. In other words, the function of non-governmental ( NGOs ) might hold been seen to spread out. Capturing the kernel of wellness NGOs, Gilson states: †¦..humanitarian aid is ‘assistance given to run into the challenges of a human-centered crisis, about ever includes proviso of some type of health care, be it preventative action ( such as supplying shelter, clean H2O and healthful installations, immunisation against epidemics ) or direction of exigencies ( such as hurts from a catastrophe ) . ‘ Arguably, Nigeria is presently undergoing wellness sector reform aimed at accomplishing improved efficiencies in resource use, improved quality of wellness services every bit good as greater equity of entree to wellness services. Jong-Chan ( 2002 ) asserts that given the strong influence they possess, NGOs remain the lone sector that can authorise the populace to demand a stable national wellness plan ; NGOs should convey their experiences in wellness attention reform to bear in order to beef up their alone place in the wellness attention system, independent of both governmental laterality and medical liberty. In the visible radiation of the above averment, it would look Non-governmental organisations ( NGOs ) have ever been in the head of progressing fresh thoughts, and in encouraging and back uping authoritiess to implement them. At a simple degree, NGOs by and large represent the ‘voice of the people ‘ at all levels- local, national and international, and have taken on functions such as protagonism, instruction and preparation ( Ogunbekun, 2004:3 ) , and have been active in monitoring and bettering what has, or has non, been implemented or achieved. For illustration, NGOs have been in the forepart burner in advancing, developing and bettering a comprehensive and holistic attack to wellness attention services. For alteration to go on, it would be necessary to join forces with the relevant stakeholders in the wellness sector, whether they work in authorities, in disposal, or as suppliers of the necessary services, to convey approximately needed alteration and betterment ; besides to guarantee the people understand and support the alterations which need to be made ( Lorgen, 1998 ) . Moreso, wellness professional associations might be effectual in working with wellness NGOs in bettering wellness attention bringing. Often, they seek the advice of wellness professionals sing issues around wellness attention, basically because they know that medical moralss require doctors to supply nonsubjective advice on wellness issues, in the best involvements of their patients ( Pfeiffer 2003 ) . Health NGOs, together with wellness professionals, might besides use the accomplishments and experiences that NGOs have garnered in seting information and messages across to the populace in such a manner that the populace is able to understand and this will be necessary in bettering wellness attention. The function or value of NGOs in progressing wellness is hinged on three premises, emerging from the research enterprise of George Washington University ‘s Centre for international Health: Individual wellness and communities ‘ socio-economic development are per se linked ; Well targeted wellness publicity activities can lend non merely to better wellness but can besides heighten an person ‘s societal wellbeing ; Local NGOs whose members are antiphonal to the communities they serve, are more likely to supply this linkage through furthering community authorization. Many NGOs are involved in preparation programmes which is a function they seem to hold undertaken at all degrees. Therefore, they are well-positioned to help the relevant authorities sections in conveying about alterations and betterment in wellness attention system ( Gilson 2003 ) . It would follow that NGOs should be invited by authoritiess to help as spouses in creative activity of consciousness, mobilisation and development of developing programmes on wellness attention reforms. Besides, wellness NGOs seem to hold the capacity to authorise communities to move on their ain behalf, fiting people to better the ‘social and physical environments contributing for healthy life styles, and of wellness protagonism to enable policy shapers to acknowledge and appreciate the necessity for betterments in wellness attention conditions ‘ ( Starfield 2011 ) . Following the policy statement of World Health Organization ‘s 1978 Alma Ata Conference, besides known as the Alma Ata Declaration, which proposed that ‘primary wellness attention ( PHC ) be adopted for wellness planning and bringing, stressing on equity in wellness, disease bar, and a comprehensive scheme to advance single and community wellness ‘ ( Rodriguez 2001 ) , a wellness instruction scheme might propose that within a socio-political context, wellness instruction aims to increase person ‘s consciousness of his or her wellness position, and the causes and determiners of that position, thereby increasing the possibility for positive action. As Asuzu ( 2003 ) points out †¦ ‘NGOS act as accelerator by promoting the assorted sections concerned with wellness to go actively involved in reform exercises†¦ ‘ This would be effectual if different NGOs work in synergism. For case, in add-on to wellness NGOs, there is engagement of other relevant NGOs such as adult females ‘s NGOs that concentrate on activities to better the position of adult females and development NGOs whose Centre of involvement or activity is peculiarly on issues around development. Health NGOs, arguably, are dependent on their authorization or undertaking charter which is in tandem with the overall programmes of a wellness attention system within which they operate. Harmonizing to Ohanyido ( 2012 ) , the functions of wellness NGOs are summarized below: †¢ work to guarantee that the wellness services are efficient, effectual, and accessible. †¢ work within the wellness system to guarantee that the figure of well-trained staff is available through capacity- edifice or protagonism to authorities etc. †¢ aid guarantee that the wellness information system is able to bring forth utile informations on wellness determiners and wellness system public presentation, and besides avoid making parallel systems †¢ work with all stakeholders to guarantee that there is entree to medical specialties, vaccinums, and medical engineerings in an just manner. †¢ strengthen wellness financing systems by researching support beginnings and recommending to stakeholders to raise equal financess for wellness, and guaranting that people can entree low-cost services. †¢ strengthen the system by guaranting that the Leadership must vouch effectual inadvertence, ordinance, and answerability. However, in order to work expeditiously and efficaciously in bettering wellness attention system, wellness NGOs themselves must besides be found to be accountable, crystalline, and seem to be stand foring the involvements of the people.

What It Is Called Legitimate Knowledge for Clones

What it is called legitimate knowledge for clones. An educational institution is a form of institution that is used to educate people. Educational institutions are essential for society to produce knowledge people (workers). Schools are designed to produce limitless knowledge in every aspect of life. However, the â€Å"men† behind schools tend to be selective in producing knowledge and constructing ideas. This paper intends to give an explanation of how schools can be hazardous by using concepts of Stuart Hall in his book, Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, and Michael W.Apple and Nancy R. King in the article of â€Å"What Do Schools Teach†. These concepts applied to the hailsham case in the novel of Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro to indicate that an educational institution like hailsham can be harmful due to the controlling and manipulating information for other purpose so that it generates what it is called legitimate knowledge for t he clones. Hailsham is the sole source in constructing inhumane ideas to the students that reflect their destiny as donors and perceived a short life.In the novel of Never Let Me Go by Kazuo Ishiguro, students are taught that they are destined to be donors, and after the fourth donation their short life is granted. According to Stuart Hall in Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices, he brings up a topic about discourse, power and knowledge, which created by Michel Foucault. Hall believes that in Foucault’s theory of discourse can be define as â€Å"’how human beings understand themselves in our culture’ and how our knowledge about ‘the social, the embodied individual and share meanings† (Hall 43).In other words, hall stated Foucault’s idea about discourse as how people discuss or understand the idea of things in certain society. Hall also stated Foucault’s idea about only certain social institutions, such as s chool, have the power to construct meaning, create truth or knowledge about things among society. That is to say that school is one of the sources that plays an important role in shaping students understanding of something.Therefore, being the sole sources that creates ideas on people’s mind, telling them to be donors and have a short live is not a pleasant idea to be embedded in people’s minds. Beside the concept above, Educational institutions can be harmful due to the knowledge control. According to Michael W. Apple and Nancy R. King, â€Å"the study of educational knowledge is a study in ideology, the investigation of what is considered legitimate knowledge (be it knowledge of the logical type of â€Å"that,† â€Å"how† or â€Å"to†) by specific social groups and classes, in specific institutions, at specific historical moments.It is, further, a critically oriented form of investigation, in that it chooses to focus on how this knowledge, as di stributed in schools, may contribute to a cognitive and dispositional development that strengthens or reinforces existing (and often problematic) institutional arrangements in society† (Apple and King 342). To simplify, the available knowledge and the hidden knowledge are being selected to be presented to students as proper knowledge, base on the ideology at a certain society at a time.Thus, educational institution can be defective due to the knowledge validity. According to the paragraph above, institutions control what can and cannot be presented. This theory can also be applied in the novel of never let me go. According to the book Miss Emily said that â€Å"We had run hailsham for many years, we had a sense of what could work, hat was best for the students in the long run, beyond hailsham. Lucy Wainright was idealistic, nothing wrong with that. But she had no graspof practicalities.You see, we were able to give you something, something which even now no one will ever take from you, and we were able to do that principally by sheltering you. Hailsham would not have been hailsham if we hadn’t. Very well, sometimes that meant we kept things from you, lied to you. Yes in many ways we fooled you (Ishiguro 268). In other words, hailsham and its people is trying to hide the latent facts in order to protect children and for the continuity of the school itself. Therefore, institutions can be harmful in terms of controlling knowledge and information.Another concept is that the basic function of schools or educational institutions is that schools should prepare students in terms of life skills to be able to do well in life. According to Michael W. Apple and Nancy R. King, â€Å"schools seem by and large, to do what they are supposed to do, at least in terms of roughly providing dispositions and propensities â€Å"functional† in later life in a complex and stratified social and economic order† (Apple and King 341). To clarify, Apple and king believe that schools have their own function to prepare students in the real life.The last concept above is inversely reflected with the case of Never Let Me Go novel. In the novel, Kathy H as the narrator show the readers that in hailsham student do not get sufficient knowledge about life. Most of the time in hailsham, they only do painting and philosophies. Guardians or teachers do not teach them life skills. In the novel, Kathy H, as the narrator told us that â€Å"looking back now, I can see we were pretty confused about this whole area about sex, that’s hardly surprising, I suppose, given we were barely sixteen.But what added to the confusion-I can see it more clearly now-was the fact that the guardians were themselves confused† (Ishiguro 95). This is the evidence that students do not get educated about sex sufficiently. Another example is when Kathy H said that â€Å"there was incidentally , Something I noticed about this veteran couples at the cottages-somethi ng Ruth, for all her close study of them, failed to spot-and this was how so many of their mannerisms were copied from the television† (Ishiguro 120).In other words, Kathy observes that their seniors are copying certain behaviors that are depicted from the movies in order to reflecting a normal person in life. This case shows that students are lack of understanding of the world until they have moved from hailsham. Educational institutions such as hailsham can be hazardous due to the production of knowledge that is designed to keep students from knowing the truth. Boarding schools such as hailsham can prevent students from growing properly. Their lack of understanding of the world produces insecurity and anxiety to face the actual life.Moreover, they are designed not to be rebellious instead, they are steered to be obedient and hopeless due to the lack of life skills and they are told in the first place that they are destined to be donors with short life. Works Cited Ishiguro, Kazuo. Never Let Me Go : New York : Vintage Canada, 2005. Hall, Stuart. Representation: Cultural Representation and Signifying Practices. London: SAGE, 2003. Apple, Michael W. , King, Nancy R.. †What do Schools Teach? †. Curriculum Inquiry 6:4. 1977:341-358.